深部软岩巷道围岩变形特征及数值模拟分析

针对深部煤矿开采条件下软岩巷道围岩出现持续流变时间长、变形大、地压高、巷道难以维护等特点，首先分析了深部软岩巷道变形特征，采用FLAC^3D数值模拟软件，分析了不同埋深条件下巷道围岩垂直应力分布、水平应力分布以及巷道围岩塑性区扩展规律。研究得出，深部软岩巷道的围岩岩块呈松散破碎形态，相互翻转和滑移，岩体的模量和强度低；随着巷道埋深的逐渐增加，巷道围岩应力集中系数逐渐减小，巷道垂直、水平应力峰值逐渐变大，塑性破坏范围扩展速率逐渐增加。研究为深部软岩巷道支护提供理论基础。     

Simulation and experimental study of the NOx reduction by unburned H2 in TWC for a hydrogen engine

The unburned H₂ can be used to reduce NO emission in conventional TWC (three-way catalyst) for a hydrogen internal combustion engine when it works at equivalence ratio marginally higher than the stoichiometric ratio. To explore the effects and feasibility of this reaction, a Perfectly Stirred Reactor simulation model of TWC has been built with simplified mechanisms. Experiments on a 2.3 L turbocharged hydrogen engine are used to verify the conclusion. It shows that rising initial temperature accelerates the reduction of NO and the maximum reaction rate occurs at 400 °C temperature. The conversion efficiency of NO remains approximately 0 when temperatures below 300 °C. The efficiency reaches a peak value of approximately 98% with 400 °C and declines gradually. The unburned H₂ to NO mixing ratio greater than 1.5 in TWC guarantees 100% NO conversion efficiency. The experiments indicate that the NOx concentration decreases from 2056 ppm to 41 ppm at the stoichiometric ratio after the treatment of TWC and NOx reaches 0 ppm with a rich ratio. Results also demonstrate that the suitable reaction temperatures for TWC locate in the range of 400 °C–500 °C. Therefore, if the temperature and the mixing ratio are appropriate, it can achieve zero emissions with NOx reduction by unburned H₂ in conventional TWC for a hydrogen engine.     

基于敏感度分析的机床关键几何误差元素辨识与评定

为了正确识别和判定机床关键几何误差元素对机床精度设计的影响,以PCV-620立式加工中心为研究对象,采用多体系统理论建立机床空间误差模型,从而得到机床几何误差元素与机床精度之间的关联函数。对空间误差模型进行灵敏度分析,获得机床各运动方向的局部灵敏度系数,完成机床关键几何误差元素的初步辨识。以局部灵敏度系数为基础,提出一种与局部灵敏度系数和工作空间中任意位置处的几何误差元素值相关的全局灵敏度系数计算方法,将其作为机床关键几何误差元素的辨识和评定标准,分析得到PCV-620立式加工中心的关键几何误差元素包含3项定位误差、3项垂直度误差和5项直线度误差。     

Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with LNG cold energy and waste heat recovery of dual-fuel marine engine

A combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with liquefied nature gas (LNG) cold energy and dual-fuel (DF) marine engine waste heat utilization was proposed. Engine exhaust gas and engine jacket cooling water were adopted as parallel heat sources. Thermo-economic analyses of the proposed system with 32 working fluids combinations were performed. Two objective functions covering thermal efficiencies and economic index were employed for performance evaluation. Afterward, the effects of operation pressure on the objective functions were investigated. Finally, the optimal conditions were obtained from the Pareto front with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method. The results show that the proposed ORC system has better energy recovery performances than the parallel ORC system. R1150-R600a-R290, R1150-R601a-R600a, and R170-R601-R290 are determined as the three most promising working fluids combinations. Under optimized conditions, the output power range is 199.97 to 218.51 kW, the energy efficiency range is 13.64% to 15.62%, and the exergy efficiency range is 25.29% to 27.3%. The payback period ranges from 8.36 to 8.74 years. The working fluids selection helps to reduce the exergy destruction of intermediate heat exchanger, which could be up to 30.59%.     

Development of an experimental test rig for cogeneration based on a Stirling engine and a biofuel burner

A system consisting of a last-generation Stirling engine (SE) and a fuel burner for distributed power generation has been developed and experimentally investigated. The heat generated by the combustion of two liquid fuels, a standard Diesel fuel and a rapeseed oil, is used as a heat source for the SE, that converts part of the thermal energy into mechanical and then electric energy. The hot head of the SE is kept in direct contact with the flame generated by the burner. The burner operating parameters, designed for Diesel fuel, were changed to make it possible to burn vegetable oils, not suitable for internal combustion engines. The possibility of adopting different configurations of the combustion chamber was taken into account to increase the system efficiency. The preliminary configurations adopted allowed to operate this integrated system, obtaining an electric power up to 4.4 kW_el with a net efficiency of 11.6%.     

进气加湿与富氧对船用柴油机NOx-Soot排放的影响

通过一台满足TierⅡ排放标准的四冲程增压中冷船用柴油机,模拟研究了富氧燃烧结合进气加湿改善NOx-soot折衷关系的潜力,并探讨了实现TierⅢ排放标准的技术路线.本研究使用AVLFire软件建立仿真模型.结果表明:单独使用富氧燃烧时,缸内温度较高,燃烧持续期较短,soot排放减少,NOx排放恶化,而单独使用进气加湿时呈相反的趋势.当发动机运行在转速为1350 r/min、75%负荷工况下,进气氧体积分数为21%~23%、加湿率为0~100%时,可实现NOx-soot排放同时降低且低于原机.氧体积分数为21%和加湿率为100%匹配,可以实现TierⅢ排放法规.两种措施的优化组合可以获得NOx-soot排放的最佳优化区域.     

DPF主动再生过程颗粒排放特性试验

通过柴油发动机台架,采用后喷助燃的再生方式研究了主动再生过程中柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)出口的颗粒排放特性.结果表明:在主动再生期间,DPF出口颗粒浓度可增加2~3个数量级;在升温过程和再生过程,出口颗粒物数量浓度和粒径分布会因为碳载量和再生温度的共同作用而表现出差异;升温过程中,10 nm左右核模态颗粒物的排放主要由来流中颗粒物的穿透引起;再生过程中,10 nm左右核模态颗粒物的排放主要由碳烟颗粒层氧化反应生成的二次颗粒逃逸引起;整个再生期间,100 nm左右的积聚态颗粒物的排放主要由DPF载体内碳烟颗粒的逃逸引起.     

双层分流燃烧室内空间利用和喷雾分布的研究

应用可视化方法测试了不同喷油参数条件下3种双层分流燃烧室内的燃油喷雾扩散过程,探讨燃烧室的碰撞台、燃烧空间容积比例、燃烧空间形状等结构特征以及喷油压力和喷油正时等喷油参数对燃烧室内空间利用和燃油喷雾分布的影响.结果表明:提高喷油压力和提前喷油正时均增大了燃油喷雾的分布范围,提前喷油正时使燃油喷雾更早地进入了顶隙空间,降低了燃烧室结构对燃油喷雾分布的影响,但燃烧室的空间利用率下降;降低碰撞台位置和增大上层燃烧空间容积有利于燃烧室顶层空间的利用;剥离面可以促进下层燃烧空间内燃油喷雾的扩散;上层燃烧空间采用凸圆弧底面使燃烧室顶层区域在较早喷油正时时获得了较好的利用.     

大缸径船用柴油机部分预混压燃的试验研究

以某中速船用柴油机为研究对象，试验研究了基于两次喷射技术对于船用柴油机性能和燃烧特性的影响。结果表明，基于两次喷射技术可以实现大缸径船用柴油机PPCI燃烧模式，两次喷射的预喷正时、预喷油量及燃油喷射压力对于PPCI燃烧过程有明显影响。通过两次喷射策略在单缸机试验研究，可以确定适用于大缸径船机的PPCI燃烧的燃油喷射控制策略：在Pe0.3MPa下，采用喷射压力105 MPa +预喷时刻20°CA BTDC +预喷油量20%，在Pe0.6MPa时，喷射压力120 MPa +预喷时刻35°CA BTDC +预喷油量28%的喷油策略，可以实现较为理想的部分预混均质压燃PPCI燃烧，燃油消耗率可改善3.1%~6.2%，soot排放降低51%~62%，压升率降低58~70%。本文研究为船用柴油机满足未来EEDI法规及低噪声设计提供有效支撑。     

基于遗传算法的汽油机朗肯循环余热回收系统的优化

为了更加高效利用汽油机排气余热,分析了某款汽油机排气余热回收潜力,建立了基于蒸发器和活塞式膨胀机的汽油机-朗肯循环联合余热回收系统模型。利用遗传算法,同时考虑膨胀机输出功、排气利用率、蒸发器效率和膨胀机绝热效率,以膨胀机输出功和系统总效率为优化目标,以蒸发压力和膨胀机转速为优化变量,对汽油机4个工况下朗肯循环系统的最佳运行参数进行了研究。结果表明,在整个发动机转速范围内,排气最大可利用效率均高于46%,转速越高则排气品质越高。在不同工况下存在最优的膨胀机转速和蒸发压力。经过优化,在选取的4个工况下,功率提高率均在6%以上,最高达到7.08%。